Copyright 2000 by Center for Citizen Initiatives.
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(Ӕ ڕ ʔ˞ ˖˒/ʷ ˝ ڒ)
˒ڸ ӓʔ˝ ԕΝҝ , ӓ˗˒ ˒̚ ӓʔ ӕ. ʔ ӓ˗˒ ˗˞ / ˞ӓ˗˞ Ӓ Ν ˒̚. ӕ, ӝҸ Μ ԕӒ θڒ ˞ Ӓ ڕӝ ӕ, ӷ ڸ ˗ . ԕ, ӕ ӕӯ, ӷ ڸ ڸҝ ˒̚, ˯ ˒ Ҕ˒ ˘Ӓ ԕӒ˝ Ӓڕ.
ڸ ۗ˝ ˒̚ ӓ ԕӒ˝ ڕ˗ ӓʔ ˞ӓ˗ Ν ˞ ԕ˒ θ̚ . ˒ Ӓӕ ڸ Ӓ ӓʔ˜ - ڕ θ, Ӕʔ Ԛ. ˞ӓ˗ ڸ ˒̚ ԕԝڒ Ν ˘Ӓ. ˘ Ӓҝ ӝ ԕӷ, ӷҝ θӒڸ ˞ӓ˗, ˗ Ӹ, ӷ ԕӞڸ ˞ ˒̚.
ۘڒۜ ڕ Ӓ̚ ˔ ڕ˗˞ ӓʔ: 1. , ڕ˗ ӓʔ; 2. ӷӗ ڕ˗ ӓʔ; 3. ӓʔ θ ڝ ԕӒ. ʔ ˞ Ӓ̚ ˔Ӓ Ӓ. ӓʔ˝, ˔ , ӓʔ˝, ˗ڒ ԕӒ, ӝ ʔ ӝ ʔ , ӷӔϚ Ν ˒ ښ ˘Ӓ, ҝ ˔ ˘Ӓ, ˔ ˞ ˒̚, ӕ ڸ, ̚ Ӓ, ӗ, ڔ ۗ, ˒ ۘڒۜ˞ ӓʔ Ӓӓ. ӓʔ˝, ͕ ӓ, ӓ, θ ӝ ˘. Ӕ Ӓ ӓʔ: 쬚 ԕʔ ̚ ڸ ӓʔ˝ Ғ ˝. ۓ Ӓ, ˞ ӕ ԕ˒ ˘Ӓ, ӷҝ ˯ Ә̚ ӕ, ӷ ڸ ˘Ӓ Ӕθ Ϛ. , ʔ ˞ ڕ˗ ӓʔ 9 θ ڝښ ԕӒ, 5 Ӓ, ˘, ӝ, ڸ ӷӔ ӕ. ԕ ڕڸ ڕ˗ ӓʔ, ҽ ˞ ˒̚ ˘Ӓ. ژθ ˕Ӓ˜ ԕθ ڕθڒ ڕ˗ӓ ӓʔ˝ ڕ·ҝ ӝ Ӕ˒ڸ ӗ ӝ ԕӒӔڸ җښ ˒.
ڸ ڕ˒ҝ Ӓ̚ ӷ˝, ӕ ԕڸ ԕ ڕθڒ ˒ ԕ Ν ˘Ӓ.
ڕ˗ ӓʔ.
ڕ˗ ӓʔ ӷ Ӕ - ԝ ν˞ ˷˞ ԕӒ, ͕ν̚ ˷ ӔΜ̚ ڕ˗ . ӓ Ν ӓ ڕ˗ӓ ӓʔ˝ θӒڸ ԕӒ Μ˝, Ν θۜ ӓԕӒӗۜ . ӗ̸ ˞ ԕӒӗ Μ˝, ͕ۗ̚ ˷. Ӓ Νҝ ښҝ ۯ. Ӕ ڕڸ ӓ ӓʔ˝.
ӓʔ θۜҝ ԕۘڒ Ν ӓ, ӷ ڸ ڷ˘ θ ۗ ˞ θӒ˝ Ν ˒̚. ӕ ԕӒ ӗ ڸ ӕӒ ӕӯ ڷ˘. , ڸ ӗ ӗ, ڕ·ҝ θ ˗ڒ ԕӒ. ڕ ԝ ԕӒ , ӷ ԕ Ӓ.
̚ ̚ ڕ˗ ӓʔ˝, ڕ̚ ӓԕӒӗ̚ Νҝ ˞ӓ˗ . ˒̚ ̚ ۗڸ Ԛ ӷ˝ ڕ˗ ӓʔ ۗ, ӷ ۗڸ, ԕӒ θ. θ Ԛ ԕӷҝ, ӓʔ Ӓҝ ̚ ԕԝڒ. ӕ ӷۗڸ ˘Ӓ, Ӕ ԕӒ ڸҝ ӗ, ӷ ӷڸ ۜ ˞. ӷ, ڕ˗ ӓʔ, ӝ ښ ԝ ԕӒ, ԕӞڸ Ӓ ӷ Ӓ. , ˘Ӓ ͕ۓ ҝ ˯ ӓ, Ν Ғ˞ Ӓ ӓʔ˝ Ӕ ԕ, ӷ ښ, ӝ, ڕϝҝ ӓʔ.
ӓԕӒӗ ڸ θӒ 3 - 5 ӓ, ½ ښ ښ Ӓ, ½ ڒ ˗˞ Ӓ. , Ϛ ۯ ̚ ڸ 5 - 10 . ʷ Ӕҝ ԕ˜. ӓʔ ӷ 10 29 Ӓ .
ӷӗ ڕ˗ ӓʔ.
θ Ӓ ۘڒۜ ӓʔ˜ Μ ˷ ԕӒ ӷӗӓ ӓʔ˝ ˷, ν ˷Ӓ ԕӒ, ԕ͕ν Νӕ, ڕ̚ Ғ, ̸ڸ ԕӷ ӷ Ӓ. ̚ Ӓ Νӕ ͕Ν 15 - 17 ˷Ӓ̚ θ̚ ԕӒ. Νӕ ͕ԝҝ ۘڒۜ ̚ ˗ . ̚ ΝӕӒ, Ӕ˒ ӕۜ ԕӒ ӝ 1 - 5 Ӓ θӓ ӓʔ˝. Ν ˷ Μ, ˷ θۜ ԕӒ. ԕ˝ ͕Ν˞ ӷ ͕̯Ӓ 6 Ӓ.
̯̚ Ν ΝӕӒ ӕ ԕ͕Νҝ θ ӕ̚, ӕ ͕ҝ ԕӒ. ˔ Νӕ ̚ ˒ڸҝ , ӷ ԕӒ Ӕ ԕ ԕӞӔ ¯ ӕ̚, . . ӕ̚ ˘Ӓ. θ ԕӒ ӓʔ˝ ӷ ԕڝ˒ҝ ӕ̚ ˞ ˒̚, ڕ ӕ ԕӒ Ӕ ԕ ԕӞӔ ڕ ӕ̚ ӓʔ˝. ڝ Ӓ θ, ӕ ԕӒ ڕ ӓʔ˝ ڸ ӗ ˒.
̯̚, Ӓ̚ ¯ ӕ̚ ۘڒۜ , ԕ Ӓ, ̚ ԕθ, ӷ ڕ·ۜ θ̚ , ӷ Ӕ˒ڸ ˞ ӗ ӝ.
˖ ӓʔ Ν Ӓ ˷ ԕӒ Ӕ ϝ ڝ Μ ԕӒ. ӝ ʔ ԕӒ - 10 -12 Ӓ ͕ԝҝ ӕ . ڸ Ν ӓ ӓʔ˝ - 71 . ӷ ڕڸ θ ڕ˗ ӓʔ ӕ, ͕ڸ ͕̯̚ , ӷ ӝ ʔ ԕӒ ν 2 - 4 . ͕̯̚ ۘڒۜ ԕӒ , ӷ ̝ ӕ ԕӒ ӝ ͕ 46 Ӓ . ڕڒ θӓ ڕ˗ӓ ӓʔ˝ ۞ ԕӒ ӗ ˒, Ӕ ԕڝ˒ ڕڸ ӕۜ ԕӒ ʔ ˷ Μ ԕӒ. ڸ Ν θӓ ڕ˗ӓ ӓʔ˝ ڕ ԕӒ 11 ( ۗ ӓ, ˷ Μ ԕӒ ڕ·ҝ ̸ ).
, θڸ, ӝΝҝ ӓʔ, ԕ˒ ˷ ҞӔ , ˷ ӕ Ϛ˜. ԕӷ ¯ڸ, ԕ̝ڸ ԕθ̚ , ԕθ / ڕ˒ڸ ӓʔ.
Ӕ̝ Μ ԕӒ, ӕ θ ۜ ԕӒӔڸ. ۔ۗ ӓ ӕ, Μ ԕӒ ӛ қڸ ҞӔ Ӕ˜ ӓʔ˝ ӗ ӝ.
(Ӕ ڕ ʔ˞ ˖˒/ʷ ˝ ڒ)
θ ڕ˗ ӓʔ ڒ .
ڒ , ӕ˝, ͕ ӒӔ ۘڒۜ ӓʔ˜ ˷ Μ ԕӒ ӷ̚ ڕ ڕ˗ ԕӒ. Ӓ Ӓ ̸ ʔ Ӕ. 1984-85 Ӕ ̚ 200 ̝ 50 Ӓ, ԕ˒ ۷ , 15000 Ӓ.
1985 Ӕ ̚ ˗ ӕ , ӕ ͕Ҹ ˷ Μ ԕӒ, ԕ̚ Νӕ ӕ ԕӒ.
ڕθڒ ӓʔ˝ Ҹ ӗ ۗ θ 8 θ ӕ. ӓ ˜ ӕ ӷ ˔, ӷ ˗ڸ ӕ̝.
ӷӔ ԕӖ ڕθڒ ۘڒۜ ӕ, ӝ ˷˞ ԕӒ ۞ Μ ԕӒ, ӕ ԕ͕ΝҸ ˗˞ , ˞ ӕ . ӓ ӓʔ˝ ۯ 1/4 Ӓ ԕӒ.
ۘڒۜ ͕ 5-Ӓ Ӓ Νӕ ԕ͕ ڕ ӕ ԕӒ. ̝ ԕӒ ӝ 6 Ӓ . ӕ ԕӒ ԕӞӔ ӝ 18 Ӓ ڕڸ ԕӒ ԕڝ ԕӒ ӓ ӕ.
ӓ, ӕ ڕ, ۷ ͕Ҹ, , ̚ ӷ - Μ, ӕ ԕӔ Ӕڸ ӓʔ̚ ۗ ӕ. θ ڕ ӕ ԕӔڸ Ν Ӓ, ̸, ۷ ˘Ӓ ԕ͕Ҹ. Ӕ ӕ ӗ ӝ Ν̚ ڕ ڕ Ӓ ӕ ͖, ڕ· 2- Ӓ ̸.
Ӓ ӕ θ ͕ ۷ Ϛ җ Ӓ. ڸ ̚ ̝ Ӓ 12000 Ӓ. ӕ · Ӕ ( . ˖ 1 ). ӕ Ӕ ӕ Ӟ Ν Ϛ 14000 Ӓ, ڸ ̚ ̝.
(˖ 1 - )
ڕ˗ ӓʔ θ ڝ ԕӒ.
θ ˕Ӓ, ڕ ӕӯ Ӕҝ ڕ˗ ӓʔ θ ڝ ԕӒ ӷڸ ӷ, Ӓ, ӕ̚ θӒ . Ν ڕθڒ ӓ ӕ ڕ·ҝ ԕӒ ˷ 12,5 ڝ 250 - 350 Ӓ. ӓʔ ԕ˒ ˘Ӓ 7 11 ԕӒ. ӝ ʔ ԕӒ Ӕ˒ҝ Ә. θ̚ , ̚ ʔ Ӓ̚ . θ̚ ӓ ڸ ˷ ̔̚ ˗ ӕ Νӕ. ԕ, Νҝ 12 - 15 Ӓ. ˗ڒ ԕӒ ˗̚ ˞ ڝ˝, ۓӒ ̚ ̚ θ ͕Νڸҝ , ӷ ڸ ڸ Μ.
θ ڸ ԕӷ, ˞ ӓ ˔ ӓʔ, Ғ ͒̚ , Ә̚ ӕ ӗ̚ ۞Ӕ ӓʔ.
ڕθڒ Ӓӓ ӓʔ˝ ԕӒ ӓ ڝ˝ ӷȔҝ ӕ, ڕڒ θӓ ӓʔ˝ ۘڒۜ. ۷ θ , θ ڕθڒ Ӓӓ ڕ˖ӓ ӓʔ˝ ˷ Μ ԕӒ ӓ ¯, ڕθڒ Ӓӓ ӓʔ˝ ˷ Μ ԕӒ ӕ ԕӒ. , ڸ ۔ ˕Ӓڸҝ 50 80 Ӓ .
ӷ.
1. ۘڒۜ ڕ Ӓ̚ ڕ˗˞ ӓʔ:
- ڕ˗ ӓʔ
- ԕӒ Ӕ ԕ, ԕۘ̚ ۘڒۜ ӕ
- ԕӒ ڝ
2. ӕ, ˔ , ӕ, ˗ڒ ԕӒ, ӝ ʔ ӝ ʔ , ӷӔϚ Ν ˒ ښ ˘Ӓ, ҝ ˔ ˘Ӓ, ˔ ˞ ˒̚, Ӕ˞ , , ӗ̚ , ڔ ۗ, ˒ ۘڒۜ ӓʔ˝ ڕθڒ Ӓӓ. ӓ, θ ԕӷ ˘Ӓ .
3. Ӓ θ θӒ˝ ӓ ӓ ڕ˗ӓ ӓʔ˝ - ڷ˘. ڸ ڒ ښ ˘Ӓ .
4. ڕڒ ڕ˗ӓ ӓʔ˝ θ ۘڒۜ ӷڸ ӕӓۜ ˒ۜ Ӓ ӷ Ӓ.
5. θ ˕Ӓ̚, ڕ̚ ӕӯ Ӕҝ ӕ ԕӒ ڝ ӷڸ ӷ, Ӓ, ӕ̚ θӒ .
6. Ν ӓ, ӷ ڕ˗ ӓʔ˝ ˒̚, ӷӔ ژθ ˞ ˕Ӓڸ, ԕθ ڕڸ Ν ڕ˒ڸ ˕Ӓڸ.
(Ӕ ڕ ʔ˞ ˖˒/ʷ ˝ ڒ)
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